BASIS OF PREPARATION OF THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF THE VOLKSBANKEN RAIFFEISENBANKEN COOPERATIVE FINANCIAL NETWORK

The consolidated financial statements of the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2022, prepared by the Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken e.V. (BVR), has to be prepared for a specific purpose pursuant to the significant financial reporting principles set out below. Significant financial reporting principles have to be incorporated only for accounting issues that are material to the consolidated financial statements of the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network. They have been prepared for informational purposes and to present the business development and performance of the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network, which is treated as a single economic entity in terms of its risks and strategies. In addition, the financial statements have been prepared in compliance with the provisions set out in article 113(7)(e) of Regulation (EU) No. 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No. 648/2012 (Capital Requirements Regulation – CRR).

The consolidated financial statements of the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network, as broadly defined, have to include the following components:

• Consolidated financial statements that have to include the following components:
• Income statement for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2022 (pursuant to IAS 1.81A, IAS 1.81B and IAS 1.82 (b) to IAS 1.105)
• Statement of comprehensive income for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2022 (pursuant to IAS 1.81A, IAS 1.81B and IAS 1.82 (b) to IAS 1.105)
• Balance sheet as at December 31, 2022 (pursuant to IAS 1.54 to IAS 1.80A)
• Statement of changes in equity for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2022 (pursuant to IAS 1.106 to IAS 1.110)
• Statement of cash flows for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2022 (pursuant to IAS 7.1 to IAS 7.47)
• Explanatory information on the consolidated financial statements
• Management report including risk report for the period from January 1 to December 31, 2022

The consolidated financial statements of the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network have to include prior year comparatives. The consolidated financial statements of the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network have to be prepared in euro. Unless stated otherwise, all amounts have to be shown in millions of euros (€ million). This may result in minor discrepancies in the calculation of totals and percentages. If prior year comparatives have to be adjusted, a footnote with the description “Amount adjusted” has to be added to such figures.

Statement of cash flows

The cash flows for the sections “operating activities,” “investing activities” and “financing activities” are determined using a simplified procedure. Moreover, non-cash changes of the statement of changes in financial position are fully determined not for all consolidated entities, and cash flows are partially recognized only on a net basis and on higher aggregation levels.

Scope of consolidation

Regardless of whether consolidation criteria are met under other national or international financial reporting principles, the consolidated financial statements have to include as consolidated entities all financial statements of cooperative banks existing as at the reporting date (the local cooperative banks, Sparda banks, PSD banks, Deutsche Apotheker- und Ärztebank eG as well as specialized institutions) as well as all companies included in the IFRS consolidated financial statements of DZ BANK AG Deutsche Zentral-Genossenschaftsbank, Frankfurt/Main (DZ BANK), Münchener Hypothekenbank eG (MHB), the BVR protection scheme, and BVR Institutssicherung GmbH.

Procedures of consolidation

The consolidated subsidiaries generally have to prepare their financial statements on the basis of a financial year ended December 31.

As the Cooperative Financial Network does not qualify as a corporate group as defined by the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the German Commercial Code (HGB) or the German Stock Corporation Act (AktG), it has to be assessed whether control or significant influence within the meaning of IFRS 10 and IFRS 11, respectively, can be assumed to exist or whether interests in companies overall have to be reported as other shareholdings under “Equity investments” in the balance sheet item “Investments.” In particular, this applies to the situation when control or significant influence would result solely from the aggregation of the shareholding ratio of individual consolidated companies without the possibility of control or significant influence being exercised by a consolidated company as a whole through direct or indirect ownership arising from the shareholdings. The following rules apply if there is evidence that control or significant influence exists.

Similar to IFRS 3.4-53 in conjunction with IFRS 10, business combinations have to be accounted for using the purchase method by offsetting the acquisition cost of a subsidiary against the share of the equity that is attributable to the parent entities and remeasured at fair value on the relevant date when control is acquired. Any multiple gearing of eligible own funds and any inappropriate creation of own funds for regulatory purposes between the consolidated entities listed above have to be eliminated through acquisition accounting. Any positive difference has to be recognized as goodwill under other assets and is subject to an annual impairment test in accordance with IAS 36.80-108. Any negative goodwill has to be recognized immediately in profit or loss. Any share of subsidiaries’ net assets not attributable to the parent entities has to be reported as non-controlling interests within equity.

Interests in joint ventures and investments in associates in accordance with IFRS 11.4-19 are generally accounted for using the equity method pursuant to IAS 28.10-15 and reported under investments.

Assets and liabilities as well as income and expenses arising within the Cooperative Financial Network have to be offset against each other. Gains and losses arising from transactions between entities within the Cooperative Financial Network have to be eliminated.

Financial instruments

Financial instruments have to be designated upon initial recognition to the categories set out below if their characteristics and intended use meet the criteria of the relevant category. The following categories have been defined:

FINANCIAL ASSETS MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS (FAIR VALUE PL)

Financial assets that are not measured at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensive income have to be classified as “financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss.” This category is broken down into the following subcategories.

Financial assets mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
The subcategory “financial assets mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss” has to comprise financial assets that either do not meet the cash flow criteria pursuant to IFRS 9.B.4.1.2C or that are acquired for the purpose of selling them in the near term. To this end, these financial assets must be part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking, or must be derivatives, except for derivatives that are designated hedging instruments in effective hedging relationships.

The primary financial instruments held by cooperative banks in the trading portfolio under commercial law have to be allocated to this category. This category also includes equity instruments held by cooperative banks outside the trading portfolio under commercial law whose fair value may not exceed their cost.

Contingent considerations in a business combination
Contingent considerations classified by the acquirer in a business combination as financial assets have to be allocated to this subcategory.

Financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss (fair value option)
Financial assets have to be assigned to the subcategory “financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss” by exercising the fair value option, provided that the application of this option eliminates or significantly reduces measurement or recognition inconsistencies (accounting mismatches).

Any changes in the fair value of instruments allocated to the category “financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss” have to be recognized in profit or loss.

FINANCIAL ASSETS MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (FAIR VALUE OCI)

This category is broken down into the following subcategories.

Financial assets mandatorily measured at fair value through other comprehensive income
A financial asset has to be assigned to this subcategory if it is held in accordance with a business model aimed both at collecting contractual cash flows and at selling financial assets. Moreover, the contractual terms of the financial asset must give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding (so-called “cash flow criterion”).

Because of the cash flow criterion, only financial assets in the form of debt instruments may be allocated to this category. These financial assets have to be measured at fair value. Interest income, loss allowances, and currency translation effects must be recognized in profit or loss. However, any differences not resulting from impairment or currency translation between the amortized cost and the fair value have to be recognized in other comprehensive income. The amounts recognized in other comprehensive income must be reclassified to the income statement upon derecognition (so-called “recycling”).

Financial assets designated as at fair value through other comprehensive income (fair value OCI option)
There is an irrevocable option to designate equity instruments as “financial assets designated as at fair value through other comprehensive income” (fair value OCI option) upon initial recognition. Changes in fair value have to be recognized in other comprehensive income, except in the case of dividends that do not constitute repayment of capital. The cumulative other comprehensive income must not be recycled subsequently to the income statement, e.g. due to derecognition of the instrument. After derecognition of these equity instruments, the cumulative other comprehensive income has to be reclassified to retained earnings. The general fair value OCI option can only be exercised for equity instruments that are not held for trading and do not constitute contingent consideration recognized by the acquirer in a business combination pursuant to IFRS 3.58.

FINANCIAL ASSETS MEASURED AT AMORTIZED COST (AC)

A financial asset has to be assigned to this category if it is held in accordance with a business model aimed at holding financial assets for the purpose of collecting contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

Because of the cash flow criterion, only financial assets in the form of debt instruments may be allocated to this category. Financial assets included in this category have to be measured at amortized cost. Interest income, loss allowances, and currency translation effects must be recognized in profit or loss.

Financial debt instruments of the cooperative banks that are not held in the trading portfolio under commercial law have to be allocated to this category.

FINANCIAL LIABILITIES MEASURED AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT OR LOSS (FAIR VALUE PL)

Financial liabilities that are not measured at amortized cost have to be classified as “financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss.” This category has to be broken down into the following subcategories:

Financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss
The subcategory “financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss” has to include financial liabilities that are acquired for the purpose of selling them in the near term. To this end, these financial liabilities must be part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that are managed together and for which there is evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit-taking, or must be derivatives, except for derivatives that are designated hedging instruments in effective hedging relationships.

Contingent considerations in a business combination
Contingent considerations classified by the acquirer in a business combination as financial liabilities have to be allocated to this subcategory.

Financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss (fair value option)
Financial liabilities have to be assigned to the subcategory “financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss” by exercising the fair value option in the following two cases: firstly, to eliminate or significantly reduce measurement or recognition inconsistencies (accounting mismatches); and secondly, if these financial liabilities are managed as a portfolio on a fair value basis or comprise one or more embedded derivatives required to be separated from the host contract.

In the case of financial liabilities designated as at fair value through profit or loss, any net gain or loss resulting from the changes in the fair value of the financial liability attributable to the changes in that liability’s credit risk has to be recorded in other comprehensive income. The rest of the change in the fair value of these liabilities has to be recognized in profit or loss. The amounts recognized in other comprehensive income may not be reclassified to the income statement on derecognition of the relevant financial liability.

FINANCIAL LIABILITIES MEASURED AT AMORTIZED COST (AC)

For measurement subsequent to initial recognition, all financial liabilities have to be categorized generally as “financial liabilities measured at amortized cost,” except in the following cases:

• Financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of a financial asset does not satisfy the condition for derecognition or accounting treatment is based on a continuing involvement, financial guarantee contracts, loan commitments with an interest rate below the market interest rate, and contingent consideration recognized by the acquirer in a business combination pursuant to IFRS 3.39 et seqq.
• In accordance with IAS 32.15-32, shares in partnerships have to be classified normally as debt instruments. Given their subordinated status compared with the liabilities of the partnerships concerned, non-controlling interests in this case have to be reported as subordinated capital. Profit attributable to non-controlling interests and not yet distributed has to be recognized under other liabilities, provided that the resulting liability is not of a subordinated nature. Non-controlling interests in partnerships have to be classified as “share capital repayable on demand” and have to be assigned to the “financial liabilities measured at amortized cost” category.
• This category also has to include liabilities under compensation payment obligations owed to non-controlling interests in consolidated subsidiaries. These liabilities arise if DZ BANK AG or some other entity controlled by DZ BANK AG has concluded a profit transfer agreement with a subsidiary in accordance with section 291 (1) of the German Stock Corporation Act (AktG) under which there are non-controlling interests. Liabilities under compensation payment obligations have to be recognized at the amount of the obligation discounted to the balance sheet date.
• In addition, this category has to include liabilities from capitalization transactions that are not designated as unit-linked insurance products. There is no significant transfer of insurance risk in these transactions and they do not therefore satisfy the criteria for an insurance contract under IFRS 4 Appendix A. As a consequence, such transactions need to be treated as financial instruments in accordance with the above-mentioned principles.

OTHER FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Other financial instruments have to comprise insurance-related financial assets and financial liabilities, receivables and liabilities arising from finance leases, or liabilities from financial guarantee contracts.

Insurance-related financial assets and financial liabilities as well as receivables and liabilities from finance leases have to be recognized and measured pursuant to the principles set out in this section and in the sections entitled “Insurance business” or “Leases,” respectively.

Liabilities from financial guarantee contracts within the DZ BANK Group have to be recognized by the guarantor at fair value at the time the commitment is made. The fair value normally has to correspond to the present value of the consideration received for issuing the financial guarantee contract. The obligation has to be subsequently measured at the higher of a provision recorded and the original amount less any amortization recognized subsequently.

INITIAL RECOGNITION AND DERECOGNITION OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES

Derivatives have to be initially recognized on the trade date. Regular way purchases and sales of non-derivative financial assets and liabilities generally have to be recognized and derecognized using settlement date accounting. In the case of consolidated investment funds and the issue of certain securities, the financial instruments have to be recognized on the trade date.

All financial instruments have to be measured at fair value on initial recognition. In the case of financial assets or financial liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset or issue of the financial liability concerned have to be added or deducted on initial recognition.

Financial assets have to be derecognized if the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial assets have expired or these rights have been transferred to third parties, and substantially no risks or rewards of ownership in the financial assets remain. If the criteria for derecognizing financial assets are not satisfied, the transfer to third parties has to be recognized as a secured loan. Financial liabilities have to be derecognized when the contractual obligations have been settled, extinguished or have expired.

IMPAIRMENT OF FINANCIAL ASSETS

Loss allowances are only recognized for financial assets that represent debt instruments as well as for loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts. In contrast, equity instruments and derivatives do not fall within the scope of the impairment provisions set out in IFRS 9. Loss allowances have to be recognized for the following financial assets:

• Financial assets of the category “financial assets measured at amortized cost”
• Financial assets (only debt instruments) of the category “financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income”
• Undrawn loan commitments where there is a current legal obligation to extend credit (irrevocable loan commitments), to the extent that these are not measured at fair value through profit or loss
• Financial guarantee contracts, to the extent that these are not measured at fair value through profit or loss
• Lease receivables that fall within the scope of IFRS 16
• Trade receivables and contract assets that fall within the scope of IFRS 15

The calculation generally has to be made on the basis of the regulatory model (probability of default, loss given default, and expected loan exposure at default), with adjustments made to the model to meet IFRS 9 requirements.

Expected losses have to be determined using a three-stage approach:

• Stage 1: All financial assets have to be assigned to Stage 1 upon initial recognition, with the exception of financial assets that are purchased or originated credit-impaired assets (POCI). Due to the cooperative banks’ business model, the POCI rules must not be applied in this context. The 12-month expected credit losses represent the minimum measurement amount for loss allowances regarding Stage 1 assets.
• Stage 2: As at each reporting date, assets have to be allocated to Stage 2 if their credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, but where there is no objective evidence of impairment. The identification of a significant increase in credit risk and thus the definition of the stages for the cooperative banks have to be made on the basis of the current rating grade allocation. For these assets, the impairment has to be measured at the amount of the lifetime expected credit losses. Cooperative banks have to assess the relevant assets by similar risk classes; discounting is not applicable. In addition, portfolio-specific average residual maturities are used, and values of collateral observable as of the relevant reporting date and included in the analysis of loss rates are not extrapolated into the future. The stages have to be defined on the basis of the rating grade allocation.
  Provided that historical probabilities of default for financial instruments are not available without undue effort and, to that extent, there is no original estimate of the probability of default over the remaining term, financial instruments have to be assigned to Stage 2 if the current credit assessment no longer meets the criteria for a rating equivalent to investment grade.
• Stage 3: Financial assets that are classified as credit-impaired due to objective evidence of impairment have to be assigned to Stage 3 accordingly. The loss allowance for these assets is measured at the amount of the lifetime expected credit losses or, for cooperative banks, at the amount of the specific valuation allowance or the specific valuation allowance assessed on a portfolio basis, both of which determined in accordance with the German Commercial Code (HGB). Financial assets are classified as credit-impaired upon the occurrence of one or more events that have a negative effect on the expected future cash flows of the financial asset or when they are deemed defaulted in accordance with Article 178 of the Capital Requirements Regulation (CRR).

Financial assets that are subject to the impairment provisions set out in IFRS 9.5.5 have to be reviewed at each reporting date to ascertain whether one or more events have occurred that have a negative effect on the expected future cash flows of the relevant financial asset.

Purchased or originated credit-impaired (POCI) financial assets have to be recognized, upon initial recognition, at their carrying amount reduced by lifetime expected credit losses and have to be amortized, accordingly, using a risk-adjusted effective interest rate. At the reporting date, only the cumulative changes in lifetime expected credit losses since initial recognition have to be recorded as a loss allowance. There is no transfer between individual stages for these assets. Due to the cooperative banks’ business model, the POCI rules must not be applied in this context.

The modification rules set out in IFRS 9.5.4.3 have to be applied, except for non-substantial modifications at the cooperative banks.

EMBEDDED DERIVATIVES

An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid contract that also includes a non-derivative financial instrument (host contract), with the effect that some of the cash flows of the combined financial instrument vary in a way similar to those of a stand-alone derivative. A derivative that is attached to a financial instrument but is contractually transferable independently of that instrument, or has a different counterparty, is not an embedded derivative, but a separate financial instrument.

If a hybrid contract contains a host contract that is a financial asset, the categorization rules for financial assets have to be applied to the entire hybrid contract.

If a hybrid contract contains a host contract that is a financial liability, an embedded derivative has to be separated from the host contract and accounted for separately if:

• the economic characteristics and risks of the derivative are not closely related to the economic characteristics and risks of the host contract;
• a separate instrument with the same terms would meet the definition of a derivative, and
• the hybrid contract is not measured at fair value through profit or loss.

If the embedded derivative does not meet all of these conditions, it may not be separated from the host contract. When an embedded derivative is separated, the host contract has to be accounted for in accordance with the measurement principles presented regarding financial instruments.

If a contract includes one or more embedded derivatives and the host contract is not a financial asset, the entire hybrid contract can be categorized as measured at fair value through profit or loss. This is not the case where embedded derivatives only have an insignificant impact on the contractually specified cash flows or, upon initial comparison with similar hybrid instruments, it is evident without – or with only minor – analysis that separation of the embedded derivative(s) is not permitted.

Hedge accounting

Fair value hedges

A fair value hedge is intended to ensure that changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are offset by countervailing changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument. Changes in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk and changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument are recognized in profit or loss. Risks must be hedged by designating hedges either on an individual or on a portfolio basis.

Hedged items categorized as “financial assets measured at amortized cost” and “financial liabilities measured at amortized cost” have to be measured in accordance with the general measurement principles for these financial instruments. The values have to be adjusted for the change in fair value attributable to the hedged risk. Hedged items categorized as “financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income” have to be measured at fair value, although only changes not attributable to the hedged changes in fair value have to be recognized in other comprehensive income. Interest income and interest expense arising from hedged items or hedging instruments have to be recognized under net interest income.

If the fair value is hedged against interest-rate risks on a portfolio basis, the cumulative changes in fair value attributable to the hedged risk have to be reported on the balance sheet under fair value changes of the hedged items in portfolio hedges of interest-rate risk, either under other assets or other liabilities depending on whether the portfolio comprises financial assets or financial liabilities.

In fully effective hedges, the changes in fair value attributable to the hedged risk offset each other over the lifetime of the hedging relationship. Any changes in fair value recognized in the carrying amount of the hedged items have to be amortized through profit or loss not later than by the time the hedge has been terminated.

Cooperative banks may only designate hedging relationships on a portfolio basis. In this respect, the balance of derivatives not held in the trading portfolio has to be reported as either positive or negative fair value from hedging instruments. The hedging gains or losses attributable to hedged items of the cooperative banks represent a countervailing adjustment related to the fair value changes of the hedging instruments and have to be recorded as fair value changes from portfolio hedges of financial assets/liabilities in other assets/liabilities.

Currency translation

All monetary assets and liabilities, together with unsettled spot transactions, have to be translated at the closing rate into the relevant functional currency of the consolidated entities. Cash in foreign currency has to be translated using the buying rate for cash on the balance sheet date. The translation of non-monetary assets and liabilities has to be based on the way in which these assets and liabilities are measured. If non-monetary assets are measured at amortized cost, they have to be translated using the historical exchange rate. Non-monetary assets measured at fair value have to be translated at the closing rate. Income, expenses, gains, and losses have to be translated on the date they are recognized either in profit or loss or in other comprehensive income.

If the functional currency of companies included in the consolidated financial statements is different from the reporting currency (euros), all assets and liabilities have to be translated at the exchange rate at the reporting date. Equity (except for the reserve from other comprehensive income) has to be translated at the historical rate. Income and expenses have to be translated at the relevant spot rate on the date of the transaction or, for simplification, at average rates. To the extent that there are no material effects compared with the application of average rates, the rate on the reporting date can be used. Any differences arising from currency translation have to be reported in the currency translation reserve.

OFFSETTING OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and reported as a net amount on the balance sheet if the group currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

The legal right of set-off cannot be contingent on a future event and must be exercisable in the normal course of business, in the event of default, and in the event of insolvency or bankruptcy of the entity or any of the counterparties.

SALE AND REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS AND SECURITIES LENDING TRANSACTIONS

Sale and repurchase agreements (repos) are transactions in which the parties agree the sale and subsequent repurchase of securities at a fixed price and time. The risks and rewards of ownership of the sold securities remain in full with the original seller, provided that the buyer is under an obligation to sell back the securities. In case repos are entered into as original seller, the securities sold continue to be recognized on the balance sheet of the consolidated financial statements. A liability corresponding to the amount of the purchase price received is recognized. In case reverse repos are entered into as buyer, the securities purchased must not be recognized on the balance sheet of the consolidated financial statements. A receivable corresponding to the amount of the purchase price paid is recognized.

Securities lent as part of securities lending transactions remain on the balance sheet. Where cash collateral is received in this regard, a liability is recognized. Borrowed securities must not be recognized on the balance sheet. Any cash collateral provided in connection with borrowed securities is reported as a receivable.

Sale and repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions result in transfers in which the transferred assets remain on the balance sheet in their entirety.

Collateral

Receivables are recognized for assets pledged as collateral in the form of cash deposits. Other assets pledged as collateral continue to be reported on the balance sheet unchanged. Where cash collateral is received, a liability for a corresponding amount is recognized. Other financial or non-financial assets received as collateral are not recognized on the balance sheet unless the assets are obtained in connection with the recovery of collateral or a purchase of real estate that was previously held as collateral.

Insurance business

GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF INSURANCE BUSINESS

Insurance contracts have to be recognized in accordance with the requirements of IFRS 4.13-35. Capitalization transactions have to be classified as financial instruments and are recognized in accordance with the mentioned principles. Service contracts are subject to the revenue recognition requirements specified in IFRS 15.9–104.

Insurance business in the Cooperative Financial Network is generally reported under specific insurance items on the face of the income statement and balance sheet.

FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES

Financial assets and financial liabilities held or entered into in connection with insurance operations have to be accounted for and measured in accordance with the financial reporting principles for financial instruments. Financial assets and financial liabilities have to be reported under investments held by insurance companies, other assets held by insurance companies, and other liabilities of insurance companies. Loss allowances on financial assets recognized under investments and other assets held by insurance companies have to be deducted from the assets’ carrying amounts or have to be reported in the reserve from other comprehensive income, respectively. The net presentation method applies for the items “Investments held by insurance companies” and “Other assets held by insurance companies,” while the gross presentation method applies for loss allowances in the explanatory notes to the balance sheet items.

Other liabilities of insurance companies include the benefit obligations under capitalization transactions for which no material insurance risk is assumed when the policy is concluded. They have to be reported under liabilities from capitalization transactions. The underlying financial instruments in these transactions have to be reported as part of assets related to unit-linked contracts under investments held by insurance companies.

INVESTMENT PROPERTY

The investment property included in the investments held by insurance companies has to be measured at amortized cost in accordance with the cost model. In the following financial years, investment property has to be depreciated on a straight-line basis over the useful life on the basis of the cost. Any expenditure that increases value and extends the useful life of real estate or results in a significant improvement in the fabric of a building has to be capitalized. Maintenance and repair costs have to be expensed as incurred.

Recoverable amounts of real estate have to be determined in the context of impairment tests pursuant to the provisions of IFRS 13.27-33. For this purpose, standard valuation methods have to be used, based on the requirements of the German Real Estate Valuation Guidelines (WertR 2006) and the German Building Code (BauGB). Accordingly, the current value of real estate has to be determined by using the sales comparison approach, income approach, or cost approach and taking into account the provisions of any relevant contracts.

Any benefits gained from non-interest-bearing, low-interest or forgivable loans, including development loans, have to be recognized in the same way as government grants. The amount of financial assistance as well as any government grants have to be deducted when the carrying amount of the asset is identified and then have to be recognized in profit or loss over the period covered by the assistance or grant by means of a reduced depreciation charge.

INSURANCE LIABILITIES

Insurance liabilities have to be recognized and measured in accordance with the provisions of the German Commercial Code and other German accounting rules applicable to insurance companies. Insurance liabilities have to be shown before the deduction of the share of reinsurers, which is reported as an asset.

Provision for unearned premiums
The provision for unearned premiums has to cover premiums that have already been collected but that relate to future periods.

The provision for unearned premiums from direct non-life insurance operations has to be calculated from the gross premiums using the 360-day system. Non-transferable income components have to be taken into account appropriately.

Unearned premiums from life insurance have to be calculated taking into account the starting date and maturity date of each individual policy after deduction of non-transferable premium components. Non-transferable income components have to be taken into account appropriately.

The proportion of the provision for unearned premiums relating to ceded insurance business has to be calculated as contractually agreed in the individual reinsurance contracts.

Benefit reserve
The purpose of the benefit reserve is to ensure that guaranteed entitlements to future insurance benefits can be satisfied on a permanent basis. Guaranteed entitlements for insured persons in respect of life insurance and casualty insurance with premium refund as well as the provision for increasing age in health insurance have to be reported under the benefit reserve.

The benefit reserve for life insurance and casualty insurance with premium refund has to be generally calculated on the basis of individual policies taking into account starting dates in accordance with approved business plans and the principles declared to the relevant regulatory authorities. The prospective method has to be used for life insurance (except for unit-linked insurance products and account management arrangements) and for casualty insurance (with the exception of premium-based policies that started prior to 1982). The retrospective method has to be used for other types of insurance. Negative benefit reserves on an individual policy basis have to be recognized with an amount of zero.

The assumptions used in calculations are determined in accordance with current recommendations issued by the Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung e.V., Cologne, (DAV) [German Actuarial Association] and the regulator and in accordance with other national statutory provisions and regulations. The interest rates are determined by the legally prescribed maximum discount rates. The calculation assumptions apply from the date on which the policy is written until the policy expires.

The calculation of the benefit reserve for all signed contracts generally has to be based on the Zillmer method. For new business for individual insurance policies entered into in the financial years 2015 to 2020, the Zillmer method had not to be applied in most of the cases.

The benefit reserve implicitly has to include administrative expenses for contracts with ongoing payment of premiums. A provision for administrative costs has to be recognized to cover premium-free years under insurance policies, fully paid-up insurance, and some legacy insurance commitments.

In health insurance, benefit reserves have to be computed prospectively on an individual policy basis using the technical parameters for calculating rates. Negative benefit reserves have to be offset against positive benefit reserves. The parameters for the computation of the reserves involve, in particular, assumptions regarding rates of return on investment, mortality, cancellations, and costs. The reference rate that has to be used for health insurance is the actuarial corporate rate which has to be calculated in accordance with the procedure developed by the DAV. An applicable reference rate has to be derived from this basis; the procedure used has to rely on a principle established by the DAV to determine an appropriate interest rate. The mortality tables of the Verband der Privaten Krankenversicherung e.V., Cologne (PKV) [German Association of Private Health Insurance] as well as company-specific cancellation probabilities and burning cost profiles have to be used. These assumptions have to be reviewed and, if necessary, updated regularly based on actuarial principles.

When the benefit reserves are prospectively calculated, the parameters used have to be generally retained throughout the term of the policy. If the actuarial analyses conducted once a year reveal that the level of cover offered is inadequate in terms of either biometric parameters or discount rate, appropriate adjustments have to be made. The biometric parameters used in such computations are based primarily on the mortality and invalidity tables published by the DAV.

In accordance with the German Regulation on the Principles Underlying the Calculation of the Premium Reserve (DeckRV), supplementary change-in-discount-rate reserves have to be recognized for new policies with a discount rate in excess of the reference rate. Subject to the approval of the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht; BaFin), the supplementary change-in-discount-rate reserve has to be increased for existing policies. Entity-specific probabilities for cancellation and lump-sum payments are to be used for both new and existing policies.

Provision for claims outstanding
The provision for claims outstanding has to include benefit obligations arising from claims in which it is not yet possible to reliably determine the amount and/or the timing of the payment. The provision has to be recognized for claims that have already been reported and also for insured events that have occurred but have not yet been reported. It has to include both internal and external expenses as well as the cost of settling claims.

The provision for claims outstanding in direct non-life insurance business has to be determined on a case-by-case basis for all known claims. Recourse claims, excess proceeds, and claims under loss sharing agreements have to be netted. Based on claims reports in the previous years, an additional claims provision has to be recognized for claims that occur or are caused before the balance sheet date but have not yet been reported by this date. Statistical estimates have to be used in this measurement. The provision for claims outstanding may not be discounted, except in the case of the pension benefits reserve. The calculation of the provisions for claims settlement expenses, which are also included in this item, has to include claims incurred but not reported (IBNR).

The provision for claims outstanding as regards life insurance and pension funds has to be determined on a case-by-case basis. The provision has to be recognized for claims that have already been incurred and reported by the balance sheet date, but have not yet been settled.

In health insurance, the provision for claims outstanding has to be determined on the basis of the costs paid out in the financial year in connection with claims during the year. The calculation has to be based on claims experience over the previous 3 financial years. Recourse claims have to be deducted from the provision for claims outstanding, as are reimbursements due under the German Act on the Reform of the Pharmaceuticals Market (AMNOG). The recognized provision includes the costs of settling claims. The reinsurers’ share of the provision has to be determined in accordance with reinsurance agreements. Where appropriate, provisions for claims outstanding have to be recognized on a case-by-case basis for claims relevant to reinsurance.

Provision for premium refunds
The provision for premium refunds has to include obligations not yet due for settlement on the balance sheet date relating to premium refunds to insured parties. It has to include amounts allocated to policyholders under statutory or contractual arrangements for bonuses and rebates. In addition, the provision for premium refunds has to include expenses for deferred premium refunds resulting from time-restricted cumulative recognition and measurement differences between items in the financial statements prepared in accordance with these significant financial reporting principles and those prepared in accordance with HGB. In the case of measurement differences recognized in other comprehensive income, such as unrealized gains and losses on financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income, corresponding provisions for deferred premium refunds have to be recognized in other comprehensive income; otherwise, changes in the provision are recognized in profit or loss.

The expenses for deferred premium refunds in the non-life insurance business have to be recognized in an amount equivalent to 90 percent of the difference between the carrying amounts for items in the financial statements prepared in accordance with HGB and those in the financial statements prepared in accordance with the significant financial reporting principles, net of deferred taxes.

The provision for premium refunds related to life insurance policies and pension funds has to be recognized to cover the entitlement of policyholders to profit-related premium refunds. Funds earmarked in this way are therefore made available for future allocation of bonuses to policyholders on an individual policy basis. Within the overall provision for premium refunds, a distinction has to be made between provisions attributable to bonuses already declared but not yet allocated (including participation in valuation reserves in accordance with HGB), the funding used to finance future terminal bonuses, and the free provision for premium refunds. The expenses for deferred premium refunds have to be recognized in an amount equivalent to 90 percent of the difference between the carrying amounts for items in the financial statements prepared in accordance with HGB and those in the financial statements prepared in accordance with the significant financial reporting principles, net of deferred taxes.

If, as a result of a decline in the fair values of fixed-income securities relating to life insurance contracts with policyholder participation, there are unrealized losses based on the comparison of the carrying amounts and the corresponding fair values of the investments that have to be recognized directly in equity, the provision may, under certain circumstances, be negative and, in substance, an asset; thus a provision for deferred premium refunds may have to be recorded, provided it can be assumed with reasonable certainty that the unrealized losses are a temporary effect and will reverse in future. In such a case, the provision has to be reported on a net basis on the liability side of the balance sheet. Provisions for deferred premium refunds have to be tested for impairment.

The provision for premium refunds related to health insurance has to include amounts allocated to policyholders under statutory or contractual arrangements for bonuses and rebates. The expenses for deferred premium refunds have to be recognized in an amount equivalent to 80 percent of the difference between the carrying amounts for items in the financial statements prepared in accordance with HGB and those in the financial statements prepared in accordance with the significant financial reporting principles, net of deferred taxes.

Other insurance liabilities
Other insurance liabilities relating to non-life insurance have to include obligations arising from membership of the Verein Verkehrsopferhilfe e.V. (VOH) [road casualty support organization], Berlin, in line with the object of this organization and the provision for unearned premiums under dormant vehicle insurance policies, the provision being determined on an individual policy basis. The cancellation provision has to be calculated on the basis of past experience. The provision for onerous contracts in the insurance business has to be calculated on the basis of prior-year figures and a forecast of other insurance gains and losses, taking into account interest income and residual maturities.

Other insurance liabilities for life insurance have to be computed on the basis of individual policies from premiums that are already due but have yet to be paid and have not yet been included in the life insurance liabilities to the extent that the investment risk is borne by the policyholders.

Other insurance liabilities for health insurance have to contain a cancellation provision. The cancellation provision has to be recognized to take account of expected losses and was calculated on the basis of empirical values relating to the premature loss, not previously accounted for, of the negative portions of the provision for increasing age in health insurance.

Reinsurance business
In the case of reinsurance business, the insurance liabilities have to be recognized in accordance with the details provided by the ceding insurers. If no such details are available as at the reporting date, the provision for the financial year has to be estimated. The critical factors in estimating the provision are the contractual terms and conditions and the pattern of this business to date. If loss provision details provided by ceding insurers are deemed to be too low based on experience, appropriate increases have to be applied, the increases having been determined in accordance with prudent business practice, actuarial calculation methods, and past experience.

Reserve for unit-linked insurance contracts
The reserve for unit-linked insurance contracts is an item largely corresponding to assets related to unit-linked contracts. This item has to be used to report policyholders’ entitlements to their individual investment fund units where the related investments arise out of contracts to be reported in accordance with IFRS 4. The reserve has to be measured at fair value on the basis of the underlying investments. Gains and losses on the fund assets have to result in corresponding changes on the equity and liabilities side of the balance sheet.

ADEQUACY TEST FOR INSURANCE LIABILITIES

Insurance liabilities must be regularly reviewed and subjected to an adequacy test. The adequacy test has to determine, on the basis of a comparison with estimated future cash flows, whether the carrying amount of insurance liabilities needs to be increased.

To review the insurance liabilities in the health insurance companies, a regular comparison has to be made between the present values of estimated future insurance benefits and costs, on the one hand, and the present values of estimated future premium payments on the other. In the event of any deficits, the insurance company has the option of adjusting premiums.

Leases

COOPERATIVE FINANCIAL NETWORK AS LESSOR

A lease has to be classified as a finance lease if substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to the ownership of an asset are transferred from the lessor to the lessee. If the risks and rewards remain substantially with the lessor, the lease is an operating lease.

If a lease is classified as a finance lease, a receivable due from the lessee must be recognized. The receivable has to be measured at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease at the inception of the lease. Lease payments have to be apportioned into payment of interest and repayment of principal. The interest portion has to be recognized as interest income on an accrual basis.

If a lease is classified as an operating lease, the lessor retains beneficial ownership of the leased asset. These leased assets have to be reported as assets. The leased assets have to be measured at cost less depreciation and any impairment losses. Unless another systematic basis is more representative of the pattern of income over time, lease income has to be recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and has to be included in the current income from operating leases reported under net interest income.

COOPERATIVE FINANCIAL NETWORK AS LESSEE

The lessee has to recognize a right-of-use asset in a leased asset as well as a corresponding lease liability for all leases. The only exceptions are short-term leases (term of less than one year from the commencement date) and leases for low-value assets (cost of new purchase of up to €5,000 net); in these cases, the lease payments are recognized as an expense.

In principle, the amount of the right-of-use asset has to correspond to the amount of the lease liability at its inception. In subsequent periods, the right-of-use asset has to be measured at amortized cost. As a rule, the depreciation has to be made on a straight-line basis over the entire term and has to be recognized as administrative expenses.

The lease liability has to be measured as the present value of the future lease payments and has to be reported as other liabilities. Lease payments have to be apportioned into payment of interest and repayment of principal. While the interest portion is recorded on the basis of the interest rate implicit in the lease or the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate, the principal portion reduces the liability.

Income

Interest and dividends received

Interest income has to be accrued and recognized in the relevant period.

Premiums and discounts have to be allocated over the expected life of financial instruments. Any additional directly attributable transaction costs also have to be recorded on an accrual basis and amortized over the term when these are directly connected with the acquisition or sale of a financial asset or a financial liability. Such costs include sales charges directly associated with the origination of home savings contracts.

Interest income and interest expense arising in connection with derivatives that were not entered into for trading purposes or are used to hedge financial instruments for which the fair value option was exercised, have to be reported under net interest income.

In contrast to interest income, current income does not have to be recorded on an accrual basis but has to be recognized in its full amount at the date of realization. Current income represents actually received income that does not result from interest-bearing financial instruments and not from non-interest-bearing financial instruments. Dividends have to be recognized as soon as a legal entitlement to the payment of such a dividend is established.

The basic interest from the ECB’s TLTRO III program has to be recognized in net interest income pro rata temporis. Income from the interest-rate benefit granted by the ECB upon fulfilling certain requirements has to be recognized pro rata temporis in profit or loss under net interest income if there is reasonable assurance that such requirements will be met.

REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Revenue from contracts with customers has to be recognized when the underlying services have been performed, it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the group, and the amount of revenue can be reliably measured. Performance obligations have to be satisfied either at a point in time when the services are provided or over time.

Fee and commission income from the securities business, from payments processing including card processing as well as fee and commission income from the lending business and trust activities have to be recognized immediately after the provision of the service. Fees for administration and safe custody as part of the securities business and asset management as well as for the provision of financial guarantees are recognized over the period in which the related service is performed.

In the case of performance-related management fees, income has to be recognized when the contractually agreed performance criteria have been satisfied.

The distinction of fee and commission income between IFRS 9 and IFRS 15 is based on whether fees and commissions are a material part of the effective interest rate. Fees and commissions that represent an integral component of the effective interest rate do not fall within the scope of IFRS 15.

INSURANCE BUSINESS

For each insurance contract, gross premiums written have to be calculated pro rata temporis for an exact number of days based on the actual start date of the insurance. These premiums have to comprise all amounts that become due in the financial year in connection with insurance premiums, premium installments, and one-off premiums for direct insurance and reinsurance business. Premiums for unit-linked life insurance, except capitalization transactions without policyholder participation, also have to be recognized as gross premiums written.

The components of premiums covering administration fees have to be reported pro rata temporis as income in the income statement. In the case of index-linked policies and service contracts, additional administration charges, fees, and commissions have to be deferred and apportioned over the relevant periods in line with the service performed.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash on hand and balances with central banks have to be recognized as cash and cash equivalents.

Cash on hand has to comprise euros and other currencies measured at face value or translated at the buying rate. Balances with central banks also comprise deposit facilities payable on demand. Balances with central banks have to be assigned to the “Financial assets measured at amortized cost” category. Interest income on cash and cash equivalents has to be recognized as interest income from lending and money market business.

Loans and advances to banks and customers

All receivables attributable to registered debtors that are categorized as “financial assets measured at amortized cost,” “financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss,” “financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income” or “financial assets designated as at fair value through profit or loss” (fair value option) have to be recognized as loans and advances to banks and customers. In addition to fixed-term receivables and receivables payable on demand in connection with lending, lease, and money market business, loans and advances to banks and customers have to include promissory notes and registered bonds.

Loans and advances to banks and customers have to be measured at amortized cost. In fair value hedges, the carrying amounts of hedged receivables have to be adjusted by the change in the fair value attributable to the hedged risk. The resulting hedge adjustments to the carrying amount have to be recognized within other gains and losses on valuation of financial instruments under gains and losses from hedge accounting. To avoid or significantly reduce accounting mismatches, certain loans and advances have to be designated as “financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss.” Finance lease receivables have to be recognized and measured in accordance with the requirements for the accounting treatment of leases.

Interest income on loans and advances to banks and customers has to be recognized as interest income from lending and money market business. This also includes gains and losses on the sale of loans and advances to banks and customers classified as “financial assets measured at amortized cost” and the amortization of hedge adjustments to the carrying amounts arising on the accounting for fair value hedges.

Hedging instruments (positive and negative fair values)

The carrying amounts of financial instruments designated as hedging instruments in effective and documented hedging relationships have to be reported under either “Hedging instruments (positive fair values)” or “Hedging instruments (negative fair values).”

These financial instruments have to be measured at fair value. Changes in the fair value of hedging instruments of the categories “Financial assets measured at fair value through profit or loss” and “Financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss” used in fair value hedges have to be recognized in the income statement as an element of other gains and losses on valuation of financial instruments under gains and losses from hedge accounting. If the hedged item is an equity instrument in which changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income, the changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments also have to be recognized in other comprehensive income.

Financial assets and financial liabilities held for trading

Financial assets and financial liabilities held for trading have to comprise solely financial assets and financial liabilities that are held for trading.

Derivatives with positive fair values have to be classified as financial assets held for trading if they were entered into for trading purposes or, despite being intended to be used as hedges, do not meet the requirements for an accounting treatment as hedging instruments.

The procedure for classifying derivatives with negative fair values as financial liabilities held for trading has to be the same as that used for financial assets held for trading.

Financial instruments reported as financial assets or financial liabilities held for trading always have to be measured at fair value through profit or loss. Gains and losses on valuation, interest income and expense, and dividends arising from financial assets and financial liabilities held for trading have to be recognized under gains and losses on trading activities, provided that there is an actual intent to trade the instruments concerned.

Gains and losses on the valuation of derivative financial instruments entered into for hedging purposes, but not recognized under hedge accounting criteria, have to be recognized under other gains and losses on valuation of financial instruments as gains and losses on derivatives held for purposes other than trading. If, to avoid accounting mismatches, hedged items are classified as “financial instruments designated as at fair value through profit or loss,” the valuation gains and losses on the related derivatives concluded for hedging purposes are recognized under gains and losses on financial instruments designated as at fair value through profit or loss. Interest income and interest expense arising in connection with derivatives that were not entered into for trading purposes or are used to hedge financial instruments designated as at fair value through profit or loss have to be reported under net interest income.

Investments

The following have to be recognized as investments: bearer bonds and other fixed-income securities, shares and other variable-yield securities, and other bearer or registered shareholdings in entities where there is no significant influence, provided that these securities or shares are not held for trading purposes. Investments also have to include investments in immaterial subsidiaries as well as investments in joint ventures and associates.

In general, investments have to be recognized initially at fair value. Joint ventures and associates accounted for using the equity method in accordance with IAS 28.10-15 have to be recorded at cost upon initial recognition. These investments have to be subsequently measured in accordance with the principles applicable to the relevant measurement category. In the case of investments in joint ventures and associates, the equity method has to be used generally for subsequent measurement.

Loss allowances on investments have to be reported either as a separate line item on the assets side of the balance sheet or in the reserve from other comprehensive income.

Interest and any investment premiums or discounts amortized over the maturity of the investment have to be recognized under net interest income. Dividends derived from equity instruments have to be recognized as current income under net interest income. Gains or losses on investments accounted for using the equity method also have to be reported under net interest income. Loss allowances and reversals of allowances as well as gains and losses realized on the sale of investments in associates and in joint ventures accounted for using the equity method have to be included in gains and losses on investments.

Loss allowances

Loss allowances for cash and cash equivalents, loans and advances to banks and customers, investments and other assets measured at amortized cost or designated as finance leases have to be reported as a separate line item on the assets side of the balance sheet. Additions to loss allowances for these balance sheet items, and any reversals of such allowances, have to be recognized under loss allowances in the income statement.

Loss allowances for investments held by insurance companies and other assets held by insurance companies measured at amortized cost have to be netted with the carrying amounts of these assets. Additions to loss allowances for these balance sheet items, and any reversals of such allowances, have to be recognized under gains and losses on investments held by insurance companies and other insurance company gains and losses in the income statement.

Loss allowances for loans and advances to banks and customers, for investments, and for investments held by insurance companies that are measured at fair value through other comprehensive income do not have to be reported on the assets side of the balance sheet but instead in the reserve from other comprehensive income. Additions and reversals of loss allowances have to be recognized in the income statement under loss allowances and gains and losses on investments held by insurance companies and other insurance company gains and losses.

Loss allowances also cover changes in the provisions for loan commitments, provisions for financial guarantee contracts, and other provisions for loans and advances. Any additions to, or reversals of, provisions for loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts and other provisions for loans and advances are also recognized in profit or loss under loss allowances.

PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, INVESTMENT PROPERTY AND RIGHT-OF-USE ASSETS

Property, plant and equipment, investment property and right-of-use assets have to comprise land and buildings, office furniture and equipment with an estimated useful life of more than one year used by the Cooperative Financial Network. This item also has to include assets subject to operating leases as well as right-of-use assets from leases. Investment property has to include real estate held for the purposes of generating rental income or capital appreciation.

Property, plant and equipment, and investment property have to be measured at cost less cumulative depreciation and impairment losses in subsequent reporting periods.

Right-of-use assets from leases have to be recognized in accordance with lease accounting rules and have to be reduced in subsequent financial years by cumulative depreciation and impairment losses.

Depreciation on property, plant and equipment, investment property and right-of-use assets have to be recognized as administrative expenses. Impairment losses and reversals of impairment losses are reported under other net operating income.

Income tax assets and liabilities

Current and deferred tax assets have to be shown under the income tax assets balance sheet item; current and deferred tax liabilities have to be reported under the income tax liabilities balance sheet item. Current income tax assets and liabilities have to be recognized in the amount of any expected refund or future payment.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities have to be recognized for temporary differences between the carrying amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements and those of assets and liabilities recognized in the financial statements for tax purposes. Deferred tax assets also have to be recognized in respect of as yet unused tax loss carryforwards, provided that utilization of these loss carryforwards is sufficiently probable. Deferred tax assets have to be measured using the national and company-specific tax rates expected to apply at the time of realization.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities do not have to be discounted. Where temporary differences arise in relation to items recognized directly in other comprehensive income, the resulting deferred tax assets and liabilities also have to be recognized in other comprehensive income. Current and deferred tax income and expense to be recognized through profit or loss has to be reported under income taxes in the income statement.

Other assets

Other assets comprise, among others, intangible assets and assets held for sale.

Intangible assets have to be recognized at cost. In the subsequent measurement of software, acquired customer relationships, and other intangible assets with a finite useful life, carrying amounts have to be reduced by cumulative amortization and cumulative impairment losses. Goodwill and other intangible assets with an indefinite useful life do not have to be amortized, but are subject to an impairment test at least once during the financial year in accordance with IAS 36.7-57.

Non-current assets held for sale have to include assets or groups of assets and liabilities for which a sale is planned and where the carrying amount is recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through their continuing use. Therefore, they need to be classified as held for sale if the criteria set out below are satisfied.

To be classified as held for sale, the assets or disposal groups must be available for immediate sale in their present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of such assets or disposal groups, and it must be highly probable that a sale will take place. A sale is deemed to be highly probable if there is a commitment to a plan to sell the asset or disposal group, an active program to locate a buyer and complete the plan has been initiated, the asset or disposal group is being actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to the current fair value, and a sale is expected to be completed within one year of the date on which the asset or disposal group is classified as held for sale.

Assets classified as held for sale have to be measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell. The assets do no longer have to be depreciated from the date on which they are classified as held for sale.

Assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale have to be shown on the balance sheet under other assets as assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale and in other liabilities as liabilities included in disposal groups classified as held for sale. Gains and losses arising on measurement as well as gains and losses on the sale of these assets or disposal groups that do not belong to a discontinued operation have to be recognized in the income statement under other net operating income. If the assets or disposal groups belong to discontinued operations, all gains and losses arising from these assets and disposal groups must be shown separately as profit/loss from discontinued operations.

Deposits from banks and customers

All liabilities attributable to registered creditors not classified as “financial liabilities mandatorily measured at fair value through profit or loss” have to be recognized as deposits from banks and customers.

Deposits from banks and customers generally have to be measured at amortized cost. Where deposits from banks and customers are designated as a hedged item in an effective fair value hedge, the carrying amount has to be adjusted for any change in the fair value attributable to the hedged risk. If, to avoid or significantly reduce accounting mismatches, the fair value option is applied for deposits from banks and customers, the liabilities have to be measured at fair value as at the balance sheet date.

Interest expenses on deposits from banks and customers have to be recognized separately under net interest income. Interest expense also includes gains and losses on early repayment and on the amortization of hedge adjustments to carrying amounts due to fair value hedges. Hedge adjustments to the carrying amount due to fair value hedges have to be reported within other gains and losses on valuation of financial instruments under gains and losses from hedge accounting.

Debt certificates issued including bonds

Debt certificates issued including bonds have to cover Pfandbriefe, other bonds and other debt certificates evidenced by paper for which transferable bearer certificates have been issued.

Debt certificates issued including bonds and gains and losses on these certificates have to be measured and recognized in the same way as deposits from banks and customers.

Provisions

Provisions are liabilities in which the amounts or due dates are uncertain. Provisions have to be recognized for present obligations arising out of past events, in which it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and the amount of the obligation can be reliably estimated.

The provisions have to be recognized and measured based on the best estimate of the present value of their anticipated utilization, taking into account risks and uncertainties associated with the issues concerned as well as future events.

PROVISIONS FOR DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS

Where a commitment is made to defined contribution plans, fixed contributions have to be paid to external pension providers. The amount of the contributions and the income earned from the pension assets determine the amount of future pension benefits. The risks arising from the obligation to pay such benefits in the future lie with the pension provider. No provisions are recognized for these defined contribution pension commitments. The contributions paid have to be recognized as pension and other post-employment benefit expenses under administrative expenses.

Under a defined benefit plan, the employer promises a specific benefit and bears all the risks arising from this commitment. Defined benefit obligations are measured on the basis of the projected unit credit method. The measurement depends on various actuarial assumptions. These have to include, in particular, assumptions about long-term salary and pension trends and average life expectancy. Assumptions about the salary trend have to be based on past trends and take account of expectations about future labor market trends; the assumptions about the pension trend are based on changes in the inflation rate. In Germany, the 2018 G mortality tables published by Professor Dr. Klaus Heubeck have to be used to estimate average life expectancy; the applicable mortality tables have to be used in foreign countries. The discount rate used to discount future payment obligations is an appropriate market interest rate for high-quality fixed-income corporate bonds with a maturity equivalent to that of the defined benefit obligations. The discount rate depends on the obligation structure (duration) and must be determined using a portfolio of high-quality corporate bonds that must satisfy certain quality criteria. One of the notable quality criteria is a credit rating of AA from at least one of the two rating agencies with the greatest coverage in the currency area in question. For the eurozone, these are Moody’s Investors Service and Standard & Poor’s, both New York. Bonds with existing call options in the form of embedded derivatives are not included in this process.

Plan assets in accordance with IAS 19 include both the amount determined for the consolidated financial statements of DZ BANK and the amount that is offset against the pension obligations at the cooperative banks which are settled by R+V Pensionsversicherung a.G. The remaining plan assets reported by the cooperative banks is not used for the consolidated financial statements, as they cannot be subjected to a review in accordance with IAS 19.8.

Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions regarding the defined benefit obligations, and gains and losses arising from the remeasurement of plan assets and reimbursement rights have to be recognized in other comprehensive income in the reporting period in which they occur.

The cooperative banks have indirect obligations which are allowed to be recognized as liabilities under HGB, but must be recognized as liabilities under IFRS. A valid determination of the amounts of all obligations cannot be made at the moment. Therefore, the indirect obligations – with the exception of those of R+V Pensionsversicherung a.G. – are currently not taken into account; we are currently analyzing how to implement this in future.

PROVISIONS FOR LOAN COMMITMENTS AND PROVISIONS FOR FINANCIAL GUARANTEE CONTRACTS

Provisions for loan commitments and provisions for financial guarantee contracts have to be recognized at the amount of the loss allowance for expected credit losses on the basis of the same model used for financial assets.

OTHER PROVISIONS FOR LOANS AND ADVANCES

Other provisions for loans and advances have to factor in the usual sector-specific level of uncertainty. Other provisions represent all provisions that arise within the context of loans and advances, rather than loan commitments under the scope of IAS 37. The underlying assumptions and estimates used have to include figures based on past experience as well as expectations and forecasts relating to future trends and developments.

PROVISIONS RELATING TO BUILDING SOCIETY OPERATIONS

Provisions relating to building society operations have to be recognized to cover the payment of any bonuses that may have been agreed in the terms and conditions of home savings contracts. These bonuses may take the form of a reimbursement of some of the sales charges or interest bonuses on deposits. In order to measure provisions relating to building society operations, building society simulations (collective simulations) that forecast home savings customers’ future behavior are used that are available for evaluation of the options. These options available to home savings customers include, for example, drawing down the home savings loan, waiving the loan after allocation, or continuing with the home savings contract.

RESIDUAL PROVISIONS

The residual provisions have to include, among others, additional provisions for employee benefits, such as provisions for other long-term employee benefits in accordance with IAS 19.153-158 (e.g. for semi-retirement arrangements, Altersteilzeit), provisions for termination benefits in accordance with IAS 19.159-170 (e.g. early retirement arrangements) and provisions for short-term employee benefits in accordance with IAS 19.9-12.

Residual provisions also have to include provisions for restructuring measures as well as provisions for risks arising from ongoing legal disputes. Provisions for risks arising from ongoing legal disputes have to be recognized when it is more likely than not that the relevant legal dispute will result in a payment obligation. The recognized amount is based on the potential resulting losses.

Subordinated capital

Subordinated capital has to comprise all debt instruments in bearer or registered form that, in the event of insolvency or liquidation, are repaid only after settlement of all unsubordinated liabilities but before distribution to shareholders of any proceeds from the insolvency or liquidation.

Subordinated capital and gains and losses on this capital have to be measured and recognized in the same way as deposits from banks and customers.

Equity

Equity has to represent the residual value of the Cooperative Financial Network’s assets minus its liabilities. Cooperative shares of the independent local cooperative banks and capital of silent partners have to be treated as economic equity in the consolidated financial statements and have to be recognized as equity. Equity thus has to comprise subscribed capital – consisting of cooperative shares or share capital and capital of silent partners – plus capital reserves of the local cooperative banks. In addition, retained earnings, the reserve from other comprehensive income, additional equity components as well as non-controlling interests in the equity of consolidated companies also have to be included.

Trust activities

Trust activities are defined as business transacted on one’s own behalf for a third-party account. Assets and liabilities held as part of trust activities do not satisfy the criteria for recognition on the balance sheet.

Income and expenses arising from trust activities have to be recognized as fee and commission income or as fee and commission expenses. Income and expenses resulting from the passing-through and administration of trust loans have to be netted and have to be included in the fee and commission income earned from lending and trust activities.

Explanatory information on the consolidated financial statements

The consolidated financial statements must include explanatory information in accordance with the following prerequisites:

• The disclosures required in accordance with IFRS 12 “Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities” have to be made
• Disclosure of a segment report in accordance with IFRS 8.5-19 “Operating Segments”
• Further explanations and breakdowns of the material components of income statement and balance sheet items
• Presentation of the changes in the development of loss allowances (balance sheet and income statement; reconciliation of opening balance to closing balance)
• Reconciliation in accordance with IAS 12.81(c) to present the relationship between notional income taxes and recognized income taxes, based on application of the current tax law in Germany
• Changes in the present value of defined benefit obligations as well as changes in plan assets in accordance with IAS 19.140
• Disclosures on financial instruments in accordance with IFRS 7.25 and IFRS 7.39(a)
• Disclosures on capital requirements and regulatory indicators:
• The disclosures have to refer to the institutional protection system (cooperative joint liability scheme). The disclosures in relation to own funds and capital requirements have to be based on the information of the extended aggregated calculation (EAC) in accordance with article 49 (3) CRR in conjunction with article 113 (7) CRR
• As at December 31, 2022, the presentation of the leverage ratio of the bank-specific protection system of the Cooperative Financial Network has to comply with the requirements set out in article 429 CRR. Tier 1 capital has to be used as the capital measure pursuant to the extended aggregated calculation in accordance with article 49 (3) CRR, adjusted by any Tier 1 capital items of the members of the bank-specific protection system held internally within the Cooperative Financial Network. The exposure values have to be determined by aggregating the individual figures reported for the leverage ratio of all member institutions and adjusted by material items held internally within the Cooperative Financial Network.
• The cooperative banks and Münchener Hypothekenbank have to be included on an individual basis using the respective reports. DZ BANK has to be taken into account based on its own reporting on a consolidated basis. The report submitted by the DZ BANK Group has to be based on the regulatory scope of consolidation.
• The underlying report forms of the members of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS) as at December 31, 2022 have to comply with the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 680/2014, which was amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 2021/451 to the amendments of Regulation (EU) No. 2019/876 dated May 20, 2019 (CRR II).
• Breakdowns of the composition of financial guarantee contracts and loan commitments, trust activities, asset management of Union Investment Group, changes in the contract portfolios as well as changes in the allocation assets of Bausparkasse Schwäbisch Hall, cover statement for the mortgages and local authority loans extended by the mortgage banks
• Disclosures on leases in accordance with IFRS 16.94
• A list of the members of BVR’s Board of Managing Directors
• The signing of the consolidated financial statements by the Board of Managing Directors, including the signature date.

Management report including risk report

The principles set out in section 315 (1) sentences 1 to 4 HGB have to be complied with in the preparation of the management report including risk report. Non-financial performance indicators within the meaning of section 315 (3) HGB have to be disclosed accordingly. The relevant non-financial indicators concerning employee matters such as training quota, the number of employees, the length of employee service and the academics quota have to be presented in the section “Human resources.” The relevant non-financial performance indicators regarding corporate social responsibility and financial assistance such as sponsoring have to be presented in the section “Sustainability.” The risk report has to present the disclosures pursuant to section 315 (2) sentence 1 No. 1 HGB, based on a corresponding application for the Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network taken as a whole and has to fulfill the purpose of a bank-specific protection system. In addition, a presentation has to be made in relation to the material opportunities and of the risk management in the Cooperative Financial Network and, in connection with the report on expected developments, an outlook has to be provided about the development of major elements of the income statement and of regulatory capital ratios.